Multi-Epitope Vaccines for PersonalizedCancer Immunotherapy

Introduction: A great deal of progress has been made in tumorimmunology in recent years. This treatment option may befurther enhanced by analyzing previous vaccine strategies incombination with current knowledge. As a promising systemicimmunotherapy, therapeutic cancer vaccines (TCVs) stimulateand increase antigen-specific CD۸+ and CD۴+ T cells to improveanti-tumor immunity. Multiple vaccination strategies, includingmulti-epitope and personalized neoantigen cancer vaccines,have been studied since the discovery of tumor-specificantigens and tumor-associated antigens in different cancers.The multi-epitope cancer vaccine is a potential immunotherapyapproach based on the amino acid sequence of different tumorantigen epitopes known or predicted. They are precise, safe,and well tolerated and have produced promising outcomes inthe treatment of cancer.The main body: Therapeutic cancer vaccines are intended topromote tumor regression, eradicate minimal residual disease,increase antitumor memory, and prevent side effects. Throughthis strategy, tumor heterogeneity can be bypassed and antigennegativeclones escaping peptide-specific immune responsescan be selected, or both CD۴+ and CD۸+-mediated immunitycan be induced using class I and II epitopes. The ability to identifytumor-specific and distinct antigens as well as antigen originatingfrom various tumor microenvironment cell componentshas been made possible by advancements in antigen discoverytechnology. Recent advances in this field include personalizedneoantigen-based TCVs that use selective, individualized antigensand new combinations of antigens to boost the immuneresponse in comparison to traditional TCVs. Besides, in preclinicaland clinical trials, peptide-based anti-cancer vaccinesremain a promising treatment option for cancer patients, sincethey combine peptide selection with a patient-specific immunogenicprofile.Conclusion: and future directionsThere is an expectation that these multi-epitope vaccines couldinduce immunity against a wide range of antigenic targets.However, there are several unique development challenges thatmust be overcome in order to increase the chance that thesemedicines will reach patients.

کلیدواژه ها:

Immunotherapy ، Cancer vaccine ، Tumor ، Multi-Epitope ، Personalized neoantigen